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SQL - syntax
Syntax
SQL is followed by a unique set of rules and guidelines called Syntax. This tutorial gives you a quick start with SQL by listing all the basic SQL Syntax.
All the SQL statements start with any of the keywords like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, DROP, CREATE, USE, SHOW and all the statements end with a semicolon (;).
The most important point to be noted here is that SQL is case insensitive, which means SELECT and select have same meaning in SQL statements. Whereas, MySQL makes difference in table names. So, if you are working with MySQL, then you need to give table names as they exist in the database.
Various Syntax in SQL
All the examples given in this tutorial have been tested with a MySQL server.
SQL SELECT Statement
SELECT column1, column2....columnN FROM table_name;
SQL DISTINCT Clause
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2....columnN FROM table_name;
SQL WHERE Clause
SELECT column1, column2....columnN FROM table_name WHERE CONDITION;
SQL AND/OR Clause
SELECT column1, column2....columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE CONDITION-1 {AND|OR} CONDITION-2;
SQL IN Clause
SELECT column1, column2....columnN FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (val-1, val-2,...val-N);
SQL BETWEEN Clause
SELECT column1, column2....columnN FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN val-1 AND val-2;
SQL LIKE Clause
SELECT column1, column2....columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE { PATTERN };
SQL ORDER BY Clause
SELECT column1, column2....columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE CONDITION
ORDER BY column_name {ASC|DESC};
SQL GROUP BY Clause
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE CONDITION GROUP BY column_name;
SQL COUNT Clause
SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE CONDITION;
SQL HAVING Clause
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE CONDITION GROUP BY column_name HAVING (arithematic function condition);
SQL CREATE TABLE Statement
CREATE TABLE table_name( column1 datatype, column2 datatype, column3 datatype, ..... columnN datatype, PRIMARY KEY( one or more columns ) );
SQL DROP TABLE Statement
DROP TABLE table_name;
SQL CREATE INDEX Statement
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name ( column1, column2,...columnN);
SQL DROP INDEX Statement
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP INDEX index_name;
SQL DESC Statement
DESC table_name;
SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
SQL ALTER TABLE Statement
ALTER TABLE table_name {ADD|DROP|MODIFY} column_name {data_ype};
SQL ALTER TABLE Statement (Rename)
ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME TO new_table_name;
SQL INSERT INTO Statement
INSERT INTO table_name( column1, column2....columnN) VALUES ( value1, value2....valueN);
SQL UPDATE Statement
UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2....columnN=valueN [ WHERE CONDITION ];
SQL DELETE Statement
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE {CONDITION};
SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement
CREATE DATABASE database_name;
SQL DROP DATABASE Statement
DROP DATABASE database_name;
SQL USE Statement
USE database_name;
SQL COMMIT Statement
COMMIT;
SQL ROLLBACK Statement
ROLLBACK;
