Functions enable you to break down the overall functionality of a script into smaller, logical subsections, which can then be called upon to perform their individual task when it is needed.

Using functions to perform repetitive tasks is an excellent way to create code reuse. Code reuse is an important part of modern object-oriented programming principles.

Shell functions are similar to subroutines, procedures, and functions in other programming languages.

Creating Functions

To declare a function, simply use the following syntax −

The name of your function is function_name, and that's what you will use to call it from elsewhere in your scripts. The function name must be followed by parentheses, which are followed by a list of commands enclosed within braces.

Example

Following is the simple example of using function −

#!/bin/sh

# Define your function here
Hello () {
   echo "Hello World"
}

# Invoke your function
Hello

When you would execute above script it would produce following result −

$./test.sh
Hello World
$

Pass Parameters to a Function

You can define a function which would accept parameters while calling those function. These parameters would be represented by $1, $2 and so on.

Following is an example where we pass two parameters Zara and Ali and then we capture and print these parameters in the function.

#!/bin/sh

# Define your function here
Hello () {
   echo "Hello World $1 $2"
}

# Invoke your function
Hello Zara Ali

This would produce following result −

$./test.sh
Hello World Zara Ali
$

Returning Values from Functions

If you execute an exit command from inside a function, its effect is not only to terminate execution of the function but also of the shell program that called the function.

If you instead want to just terminate execution of the function, then there is way to come out of a defined function.

Based on the situation you can return any value from your function using thereturn command whose syntax is as follows −

return code

Here code can be anything you choose here, but obviously you should choose something that is meaningful or useful in the context of your script as a whole.

Example

Following function returns a value 1 −

#!/bin/sh

# Define your function here
Hello () {
   echo "Hello World $1 $2"
   return 10
}

# Invoke your function
Hello Zara Ali

# Capture value returnd by last command
ret=$?

echo "Return value is $ret"

This would produce following result −

$./test.sh
Hello World Zara Ali
Return value is 10
$

Nested Functions

One of the more interesting features of functions is that they can call themselves as well as call other functions. A function that calls itself is known as a recursive function.

Following simple example demonstrates a nesting of two functions −

#!/bin/sh

# Calling one function from another
number_one () {
   echo "This is the first function speaking..."
   number_two
}

number_two () {
   echo "This is now the second function speaking..."
}

# Calling function one.
number_one

This would produce following result −

This is the first function speaking...
This is now the second function speaking...

Function Call from Prompt

You can put definitions for commonly used functions inside your .profile so that they'll be available whenever you log in and you can use them at command prompt.

Alternatively, you can group the definitions in a file, say test.sh, and then execute the file in the current shell by typing −

$. test.sh

This has the effect of causing any functions defined inside test.sh to be read in and defined to the current shell as follows −

$ number_one
This is the first function speaking...
This is now the second function speaking...
$

To remove the definition of a function from the shell, you use the unset command with the .f option. This is the same command you use to remove the definition of a variable to the shell.

$unset .f function_name